NCJ Number
197010
Date Published
December 2000
Length
21 pages
Annotation
This paper presents a historical overview of gangs in the United States with a specific focus on female involvement in gangs.
Abstract
In the United States, the majority of gang members are males. However, research indicates that there are some true female gangs such as the Flynn Girls in the 1970's, as well as female gang members. Historically, female involvement in gangs and other criminal activities has been defined as subordinate and secondary to males. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of females associated with gang life forcing society to explore further the female role in and around gangs. There are many theories which have been explored and applied to understanding gang formation, such as radical theory or Marxist theory. Some research studies have indicated that females might be socialized into a gang prior to becoming a member. Females are seen as less likely to be pressured or coerced into joining gangs because they are likely to hang out and attach themselves to a group that participates in gang behavior. Female gang members typically come from more troubled families than males and have a lower self-esteem, do poorly in school, are more rebellious, and use the gang affiliation to shock parents or peers. Gang involvement also gives girls the skills needed for survival in their community and allows them to escape their “dismal future.” In the 1990's, a new aspect of female gangs appeared: independence. The increase in female gangs and their independence may be a sign of increased formalization and expansion of gangs. There is a growing trend in the percentage of females who commit crimes and or violent acts. Programs are being created across the country to encourage young girls to stay out and get out of gangs. As more and more females become involved with the gangs, they are making their presence known. References