NCJ Number
178357
Journal
Substance Use and Misuse Volume: 34 Issue: 7 Dated: 1999 Pages: 947-982
Date Published
1999
Length
36 pages
Annotation
This fifth and final paper in the series on primary socialization theory includes discussion of issues raised by participants in a forum on the theory and its implications for drug abuse prevention and treatment.
Abstract
Primary socialization theory states that drug use and deviant behaviors occur as an outcome of bonding with primary socialization sources and the transmission of norms through those sources. Personal traits and secondary socialization sources influence drug use and deviance indirectly and through their effects on the primary socialization process. Developmentally, the only primary socialization source for the preschool child is the family. In early grade school years, the primary socialization sources are the family and school. Peer clusters emerge as a primary socialization source later, with their greatest effect occurring during adolescence. Adults have varied primary socialization patterns. Levels of ego development among adults may alter the primary socialization process. This article defines spirituality, and its influence on drug use is discussed. Government institutions, such as the criminal justice system, welfare, and child protective services, are now included among secondary socialization sources. The fact that the general theory of primary socialization is not ethnocentric or temporocentric is also discussed. Implications of the theory for understanding existing or potential risk and protective factors for deviance, and for improving the effectiveness of prevention and treatment are considered as well. 2 figures and 38 references