NCJ Number
203718
Journal
Trauma, Violence, & Abuse Volume: 5 Issue: 1 Dated: January 2004 Pages: 21-46
Date Published
January 2004
Length
26 pages
Annotation
This literature review examined studies that have explored links between the mental disorder of dissociation and violent behavior.
Abstract
In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder DSM-IV, "dissociation" is defined as "a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment." Some professionals have viewed dissociation as existing on a continuum that ranges from "normal" dissociation (i.e, day-dreams) to pathological dissociation (i.e., significant psychogenic amnesia or experiences of depersonalization); however, there is a growing consensus that these pathological forms of dissociation are qualitatively different from normal dissociation, with pathological forms characterized by enduring dissociative "traits." Studies reviewed in the literature have found that dissociation may mediate the "cycle of violence." Increased dissociation is linked with increased violence in a wide range of populations. In studies of inmates, about one-quarter report pathological levels of dissociative experiences. Dissociative "flashbacks" to prior traumatic events have been found to fuel violent behavior by causing an individual to believe he/she is back in the danger situation again. Also, some studies have determined that violent individuals can be traumatized by their own actions, such that transient depersonalization occurs while committing a violent act. Amnesia associated with violent behavior has been reported in almost one-third of homicides and tends to involve a lack of premeditation, significant emotional arousal, and alcohol use; most of the claims cannot easily be dismissed as dissimulation. Overall, this literature review concludes that dissociation predicts violence in a wide range of populations and may be critical to an understanding of violent behavior. The author recommends that large-scale, well-designed studies be conducted, using reliable structured instruments. Recommendations for clinical applications include the routine screening of offenders for dissociative disorders and consideration of dissociation and dissociative disorders in the development and implementation of violence treatment and prevention programs. 2 tables, 4 notes, and 151 references