This paper gives an overview of childhood physical abuse (CPA), abusive traumatic brain injury (TBI), childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and other sexual trauma, childhood emotional abuse (CEA), neglect, human trafficking, and secondary vicarious trauma.
This article provides an overview of childhood physical abuse (CPA), abusive traumatic brain injury (TBI), childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and other sexual trauma, childhood emotional abuse (CEA), neglect, human trafficking, and secondary vicarious trauma. Acute and long-term consequences of TBI are described. Additionally, an overview is provided on the neurobiology of the stress response, potential lifelong hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and stress system changes after adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and the implications of stress systems changes on bio-behavioral health outcomes. The data suggest that ACEs can result in long-term poor bio-behavioral health outcomes including homicide and other violent and non-violent criminal behavior perpetrated by survivors later in life. The data also show that it is possible to change this trajectory in adult females. (Published Abstract Provided)