NCJ Number
193242
Journal
Public Personnel Management Volume: 30 Issue: 4 Dated: Winter 2001 Pages: 483-493
Date Published
2001
Length
11 pages
Annotation
This article examines the controversial use of polygraph testing.
Abstract
The polygraph was developed in 1895. In the early 1900's, law enforcement agencies began to recognize its value as an investigative tool. The polygraph measures three physiological responses: depth of respiration, cardiovascular activity, and galvanic skin conductance. The underlying theory behind modern polygraph is that a subject will produce different physiological reactions when that subject tells a lie. Proponents argue that a polygraph operated by a trained individual can be a valuable tool for employee testing, persuading individuals to confess well-hidden secrets, and to unmask risks to national security. Law enforcement officials argue that the polygraph is effective and reliable in what are known as “guilty knowledge” situations. Critics argue that lie detectors are far from failsafe and question whether a different physiological response indicates lying or instead results from nervousness, anxiety, fear, confusion, or another emotion that may produce a change in physiological response. Another criticism is the potential use of countermeasures to fool the polygraph examiner, such as artificially boosting responses to control questions. It is also argued that a polygraph examination represents an invasion of privacy. In 1988 Congress enacted the Employee Polygraph Protection Act that limits the use of polygraph tests on private-sector employees and strictly regulates polygraph use where it is still allowed. The inconsistencies in court opinions, State laws, and operating procedures, plus questions of validity and accuracy, reinforce the need for uniform polygraph policies. The recommended uses for polygraph are for compelling public interest, corroborating evidence, transparency, and controlled testing. Government efficiency should not be a sufficient reason to employ the polygraph. In a law enforcement scenario, the polygraph should be used only after a prior investigation has been completed and a prime suspect or suspects have been identified. 49 notes