Wetzel indicates that the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections has a research division that continually evaluates the department's many programs. This involves collecting data on performance measures that encompass both program implementation and outcomes. The programs evaluated range from drug and alcohol abuse programs to trauma treatment and vocational training programs. Duwe notes that the Minnesota Department of Corrections (DOC) uses data and science in making various decisions regarding the inmate population. It uses validated risk-and-needs assessments as the basis for identifying the types of programs that are required to meet the inmate needs identified in assessments. The programs developed by the DOC are based on the replication of programs that scientific evaluations have shown to be effective with inmates who have particular needs and characteristics. The focus is on programs that target known risk factors for recidivism, which include criminal thinking, interaction with antisocial peers, substance abuse, education, and employment.
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