Pharmacological Aspects of the Combined Use of 3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB): A Review of the Literature

• NCJ Number: 212705
• Journal: Drug and Alcohol Review Volume: 24 Issue: 4 Dated: July 2005 Pages: 359-368
• Author(s): Joachim D. K. Uys; Raymond J. M. Niesink
• Date Published: July 2005
• Length: 10 pages
• Publication Format: Article
• Publication Type: Literature Review
• Language: English
• Country: United Kingdom

Annotation

This review of the literature examines the reasoning behind and effects of combining the drugs MDMA or ecstasy, and GHB.

Abstract

The 1990s saw an increase in the illicit use of ecstasy (methylenedioxymethamphetamine-MDMA), gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), ketamine hydrochloride, and flunitrazepam. These club drugs are chemical substances used recreationally in social settings, and today, the use of club drugs is still on the rise. Additionally, over the last few decades, studies have shown a rise in patterns of polydrug use. One of the most frequently used combinations is ecstasy (MDMA) with GHB. This literature review describes the subjective effects of the MDMA/GHB combination. In addition, the individual actions of MDMA and GHB on serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline systems are discussed as a possible pharmacological basis for the interaction of both drugs. References